The Australian Water Quality Centre has recently developed a new test method that provides a detailed…

Nitrogen is an essential element required by all organisms. In animals, nitrogen is a component…

Chemical Oxygen Demand or COD is a measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize soluble…

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms…

Sources of Iron and Manganese Natural sources of iron and manganese are more common in…

Conceptual solution for treatment plant When is it necessary to measure phosphate levels?The measurement of…

pH that is too high or too low will have negative effects on the fish.…

Sulfate (SO4) can be found in almost all natural water. The origin of most sulfate…

Chlorides are widely distributed in nature as salts of sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), and calcium…

The need for pH adjustment or neutralization of the water depends on the water source,…